Hugh of Provence abdicates the throne in favor of his son Lothair II who is acclaimed sole king of Italy.

Hugh of ItalyLothair II of ItalyKingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

Henry V, Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor

Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.

ConstantinopleFourth CrusadeByzantine Empire

Miyamoto Musashi defeats Sasaki Kojirō at Funajima island.

Miyamoto MusashiSasaki KojirōGanryū-jima

Samuel Argall captures Native American princess Pocahontas in Passapatanzy, Virginia to ransom her for some English prisoners held by her father; she is brought to Henricus as hostage.

Samuel ArgallPocahontasPassapatanzy, VirginiaPowhatan (Native American leader)Henricus

Guru Gobind Singh establishes the Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.

Guru Gobind SinghKhalsaAnandpur SahibPunjab (region)

George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah makes its world-premiere in Dublin, Ireland.

George Frideric HandelOratorioMessiah (Handel)Dublin

American Revolutionary War: American forces are ambushed and defeated in the Battle of Bound Brook, New Jersey.

American Revolutionary WarBattle of Bound BrookNew Jersey

The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 gives Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom the right to vote and to sit in Parliament.

Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom

Lajos Kossuth presents the Hungarian Declaration of Independence in a closed session of the National Assembly.

Lajos KossuthHungarian Declaration of Independence

American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.

American Civil WarFort Sumter

American Civil War: Raleigh, North Carolina is occupied by Union Forces.

American Civil WarRaleigh, North Carolina

The New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded.

Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Colfax massacre, in which more than 60 African Americans are murdered, takes place.

Colfax massacreAfrican Americans

James C. Penney opens his first store in Kemmerer, Wyoming.

James C. PenneyKemmerer, Wyoming

The military of the Ottoman Empire reverses the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 to force the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Military of the Ottoman Empire31 March IncidentOttoman countercoup of 1909Abdul Hamid II

The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea is established.

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

Jallianwala Bagh massacre: British troops gun down at least 379 unarmed demonstrators in Amritsar, India; at least 1200 are wounded.

Jallianwala Bagh massacreAmritsar

Eugene V. Debs is imprisoned at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia, for speaking out against the draft during World War I.

Eugene V. DebsConscription in the United StatesWorld War I

A Pact of neutrality between the USSR and Japan is signed.

Soviet-Japanese Neutrality PactSoviet Union

World War II: The discovery of mass graves of Polish prisoners of war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyń Forest Massacre is announced, causing a diplomatic rift between the Polish government-in-exile in London from the Soviet Union, which denies responsibility.

World War IIMass gravePrisoner of warMass executionKatyn massacre

The Jefferson Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C., on the 200th anniversary of President Thomas Jefferson's birth.

Jefferson MemorialThomas Jefferson

Diplomatic relations between New Zealand and the Soviet Union are established.

Diplomatic relationsSoviet Union

World War II: German troops kill more than 1,000 political and military prisoners in Gardelegen, Germany.

Nazi GermanyGardelegen massacreGardelegen

World War II: Soviet and Bulgarian forces capture Vienna.

Soviet UnionKingdom of BulgariaVienna Offensive

In an ambush, 78 Jewish doctors, nurses and medical students from Hadassah Hospital, and a British soldier, are massacred by Arabs in Sheikh Jarrah.

Hadassah medical convoy massacreHadassah HospitalSheikh Jarrah

CIA director Allen Dulles launches the mind-control program Project MKUltra.

Central Intelligence AgencyAllen DullesMind-controlProject MKUltra

The United States launches Transit 1-B, the world's first satellite navigation system.

Transit (satellite)Satellite navigation

At the Academy Awards, Sidney Poitier becomes the first African-American male to win the Best Actor award for the 1963 film Lilies of the Field.

36th Academy AwardsSidney PoitierAfrican-AmericanAcademy Award for Best ActorLilies of the Field (1963 film)

An oxygen tank aboard Apollo 13 explodes, putting the crew in great danger and causing major damage to the spacecraft while en route to the Moon.

OxygenApollo 13Moon