Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.

Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)Mark AntonyAugustus

The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781).

Mount FujiJapanese calendar

Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII.

Pope Sergius IVPope John XVIII

Attempted usurpation by John Komnenos the Fat for the throne of Alexios III Angelos.

John Komnenos the FatAlexios III Angelos

Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.

Hundred Years' WarBattle of CravantYonne

Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France.

Jacques CœurCharles VII of France

The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.

Alhambra Decree

On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.

Christopher ColumbusTrinidad

The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.

Spanish Armada

Maurice, Prince of Orange disbands the waardgelders militia in Utrecht, a pivotal event in the Remonstrant/Counter-Remonstrant tensions.

Maurice, Prince of OrangeUtrechtRemonstrantCounter-Remonstrant

Russo-Polish War (1654-67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.

Russo-Polish War (1654-67)Grand Duchy of LithuaniaVilnius

Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal emperor of India.

AurangzebMughal Empire

Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.

Daniel DefoePillorySeditious libelPamphlet

Action of 31 July 1712 (Great Northern War): Danish and Swedish ships clash in the Baltic Sea; the result is inconclusive.

Action of 31 July 1712Great Northern WarBaltic Sea

Seven days after a Spanish treasure fleet of 12 ships left Havana, Cuba for Spain, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida. A few centuries later, treasure is salvaged from these wrecks.

1715 Treasure FleetHavanaCubaFlorida

Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia.

Charles VII, Holy Roman EmperorUpper AustriaBohemia

Odawa Chief Pontiac's forces defeat British troops at the Battle of Bloody Run during Pontiac's War.

OdawaPontiac (Ottawa leader)Battle of Bloody RunPontiac's War

The U.S. Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that the services of Gilbert du Motier "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States."

Second Continental CongressGilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

The first U.S. patent is issued, to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.

PatentSamuel Hopkins (inventor)Potash

Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city.

Christchurch

The first narrow-gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Queensland, Australia.

Narrow-gauge railwayGrandchester, Queensland

Dr. Patrick Francis Healy became the first African-American inaugurated as president of a predominantly white university, Georgetown University.

Patrick Francis HealyAfrican-AmericanGeorgetown University

Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Hsimucheng: Units of the Imperial Japanese Army defeat units of the Imperial Russian Army in a strategic confrontation.

Russo-Japanese WarBattle of HsimuchengImperial Japanese ArmyImperial Russian Army

The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest.

BalkansBucharest

World War I: The Battle of Passchendaele begins near Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium.

World War IThe Battle of PasschendaeleYpresWest FlandersBelgium

German national assembly adopts the Weimar Constitution, which comes into force on August 14.

Weimar National AssemblyWeimar Constitution

The NSDAP (Nazi Party) wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections.

Nazi PartyGerman federal election, July 1932

Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia).

BulgariaTurkeyRomaniaYugoslavia

Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius the Great in Persepolis.

GoldSilverDarius IPersepolis

The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."

The HolocaustAdolf HitlerNazismHermann GöringSchutzstaffel