Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.

OctavianScriboniaLivia DrusillaSecond TriumvirateSextus Pompey

Upon the death of Emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is permanently divided into the Eastern Roman Empire under Arcadius, and the Western Roman Empire under Honorius.

Theodosius IRoman EmpireByzantine EmpireArcadiusWestern Roman Empire

King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Menorca.

Alfonso III of AragonMenorca

Pope Gregory XI moves the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

Pope Gregory XIAvignon

Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean.

Giovanni da VerrazzanoMadeira

France recognizes the Huguenots by the Edict of Saint-Germain.

HuguenotEdict of Saint-Germain

During the French Wars of Religion, Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.

French Wars of ReligionHenry IV of France

Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men.

Susenyos IOromo people

England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.

Long ParliamentVote of No AddressesCharles I of EnglandEnglish Civil War

Captain James Cook commands the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle.

Second voyage of James CookAntarctic Circle

American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens: Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina.

American Revolutionary WarBattle of CowpensDaniel MorganBanastre TarletonSouth Carolina

Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed.

MaltaDun Mikiel Xerri

Mexican War of Independence: In the Battle of Calderón Bridge, a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.

Mexican War of IndependenceBattle of Calderón BridgeHistory of Spain (1810-73)

The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic.

Sand River ConventionSouth African Republic

A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold, part of the Modoc War.

Modoc peopleUnited States ArmyFirst Battle of the StrongholdModoc War

A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.

DervishBattle of Abu KleaSudan

Lorrin A. Thurston, along with the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety, led the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the government of Queen Liliʻuokalani.

Lorrin A. ThurstonCommittee of Safety (Hawaii)Overthrow of the Kingdom of HawaiiLiliuokalani

The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.

Wake Island

El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve.

El Yunque National ForestPuerto RicoNational Forest System

Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard receives its premiere performance at the Moscow Art Theatre.

Anton ChekhovThe Cherry OrchardMoscow Art Theatre

Captain Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen.

Robert Falcon ScottTerra Nova ExpeditionRoald Amundsen

Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey in the Battle of Sarikamish during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I.

RussiaOttoman EmpireBattle of SarikamishCaucasus CampaignWorld War I

The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands.

United States Virgin Islands

Finnish Civil War: The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and the White Guard.

Finnish Civil WarRed Guards (Finland)White Guard (Finland)

Popeye the Sailor Man, a cartoon character created by E. C. Segar, first appears in the Thimble Theatre comic strip.

PopeyeCartoon characterE. C. SegarThimble TheatreComic strip

Franco-Thai War: French forces inflict a decisive defeat over the Royal Thai Navy.

Franco-Thai WarVichy FranceBattle of Ko ChangRoyal Thai Navy

World War II: Greek submarine Papanikolis captures the 200-ton sailing vessel Agios Stefanos and mans her with part of her crew.

Greek submarine Papanikolis (Y-2)

World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties.

Allies of World War IIBattle of Monte CassinoMonte CassinoWinter Line

World War II: The Vistula-Oder Offensive forces German troops out of Warsaw.

Vistula-Oder OffensiveWarsaw

The SS-Totenkopfverbände begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces close in.

SS-TotenkopfverbändeAuschwitz concentration camp