Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.

Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)Thebes, GreeceEpaminondasSparta

Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed herself empress (Augusta) of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Theodosius IIPulcheriaRegentAugusta (honorific)Byzantine Empire

Pactum Sicardi, a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, is signed.

Pactum SicardiDuchy of BeneventoDuchy of Naples

Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.

Ulrich of AugsburgCanonization

A supernova, called SN 1054, is seen by Chinese Song dynasty, Arab, and possibly Amerindian observers near the star Zeta Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.

SN 1054Song dynastyArabIndigenous Peoples of the AmericasZeta Tauri

Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.

Jordan II of Capua

The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

CrusadesBattle of HattinSaladinGuy of LusignanKings of Jerusalem

Battle of West-Capelle: John I of Avesnes defeats Guy of Dampierre.

John I of AvesnesGuy of Dampierre

Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.

Francesco II OrdelaffiForlìGil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz

Ottoman wars in Europe: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.

Ottoman wars in EuropeSiege of Belgrade (1456)

Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye.

Election of Christian IIIOld Rye

Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe arrive at Roanoke Island

Philip AmadasArthur BarloweRoanoke Island

The Battle of Klushino is fought between forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia during the Polish-Muscovite War.

Battle of KlushinoPolish-Lithuanian CommonwealthTsardom of RussiaPolish-Muscovite War (1605-18)

The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France (now Quebec, Canada).

Trois-RivièresNew France

The Treaty of Lancaster, in which the Iroquois cedes lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the British colonies, was signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Treaty of LancasterIroquoisAllegheny MountainsOhio RiverLancaster, Pennsylvania

Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts

Orangetown ResolutionsProvince of New YorkParliament of Great BritainCoercive Acts

American Revolution: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress.

American RevolutionUnited States Declaration of IndependenceSecond Continental Congress

American Revolutionary War: American forces under George Clark capture Kaskaskia during the Illinois campaign.

American Revolutionary WarGeorge Rogers ClarkKaskaskia, IllinoisIllinois campaign

At West Point, New York, the United States Military Academy opens.

West Point, New YorkUnited States Military Academy

The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.

Louisiana Purchase

In Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins.

Rome, New YorkErie Canal

Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, dies the same day as John Adams, second president of the United States, on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence.

Thomas JeffersonJohn AdamsUnited States Declaration of Independence

Slavery is abolished in New York State.

SlaveryNew York State

Samuel Francis Smith writes "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" for the Boston, Massachusetts July 4 festivities.

Samuel Francis SmithMy Country, 'Tis of Thee

Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.

Grand Junction RailwayBirminghamLiverpool

The Iowa Territory is organized.

Iowa Territory

The first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, Leaves of Grass, is published In Brooklyn.

Walt WhitmanLeaves of GrassBrooklyn, New York

Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.

Lewis CarrollAlice LiddellAlice's Adventures in Wonderland

American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg: Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. One hundred fifty miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate Army is repulsed at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas.

American Civil WarSiege of VicksburgVicksburg, MississippiUlysses S. GrantBattle of Helena

American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia withdraws from the battlefield after losing the Battle of Gettysburg, signalling an end to the Southern invasion of the North.

Army of Northern VirginiaBattle of GettysburgBattle of GettysburgConfederate States of AmericaGettysburg Campaign