Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman-Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.

Battle of the CremeraRoman-Etruscan WarsVeiiRoman Republic

Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, leading to the subsequent sacking of Rome.

Roman RepublicGaulish languageBattle of the AlliaGaulsAncient Rome

Roman-Persian Wars: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force (60,000 men) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire.

Roman-Persian WarsJulian (emperor)AntiochSasanian Empire

Sack of Aquileia: After an earlier defeat on the Catalaunian Plains, Attila lays siege to the metropolis of Aquileia and eventually destroys it.

Sack of AquileiaBattle of the Catalaunian PlainsAttilaAquileia

Chinese forces under general Li Shiji besiege the strategic fortress city of Anshi (Liaoning) during the Goguryeo-Tang War.

Li ShijiAnshanLiaoningGoguryeo-Tang War

Battle of Alarcos: Almohad forces defeat the Castilian army of Alfonso VIII and force its retreat to Toledo.

Battle of AlarcosAlmohad CaliphateKingdom of CastileAlfonso VIII of CastileToledo, Spain

King Edward I of England issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England; this was Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many Jewish calamities.

Edward I of EnglandEdict of ExpulsionTisha B'AvHebrew calendar

The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.

FlorenceBell towerFlorence CathedralGiotto

France and England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace, the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War.

Kingdom of FranceKingdom of EnglandTruce of LeulinghemHundred Years' War

Tokhtamysh-Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia.

Tokhtamysh-Timur warBattle of the Kondurcha RiverTimurTokhtamyshGolden Horde

The College of Arms is reincorporated by Royal charter signed by Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain.

College of ArmsRoyal charterMary I of EnglandPhilip II of Spain

A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta, kills around 200 people.

1806 Birgu polverista explosionBirguMalta Protectorate

The Treaties of Orebro end both the Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Swedish Wars.

Treaty of OrebroAnglo-Russian War (1807-12)Anglo-Swedish War (1810-12)

Coronation of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil.

Pedro II of Brazil

Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.

Louis FaidherbeGovernor of SenegalKayesEl Hadj Umar Tall

First ascent of Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps.

Dent Blanche

American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Wagner: One of the first formal African American military units, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, supported by several white regiments, attempts an unsuccessful assault on Confederate-held Battery Wagner.

American Civil WarSecond Battle of Fort WagnerAfrican American54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer InfantryConfederate States of America

The First Vatican Council decrees the dogma of papal infallibility.

First Vatican CouncilPapal infallibility

The Ballot Act 1872 in the United Kingdom introduced the requirement that parliamentary and local government elections be held by secret ballot.

Ballot Act 1872

The U.S. Congress forms the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, giving official status to aircraft within the U.S. Army for the first time.

United States CongressAviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps

Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.

Adolf HitlerMein Kampf

World War II: During the Beisfjord massacre in Norway, 15 Norwegian paramilitary guards help members of the SS to kill 288 political prisoners from Yugoslavia.

World War IIBeisfjord massacre

The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 using its jet engines for the first time.

Messerschmitt Me 262Junkers Jumo 004

World War II: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan because of numerous setbacks in the war effort.

Hideki TōjōPrime Minister of Japan

Human spaceflight: Gemini 10 is launched from Cape Kennedy on a 70-hour mission that includes docking with an orbiting Agena target vehicle.

Human spaceflightGemini 10Cape CanaveralAgena target vehicle

A racially charged incident in a bar sparks the six-day Hough riots in Cleveland, Ohio; 1,700 Ohio National Guard troops intervene to restore order.

Hough riotsClevelandOhio National Guard

Intel is founded in Mountain View, California.

IntelMountain View, California

U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy crashes his car into a tidal basin at Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, killing his passenger, campaign specialist Mary Jo Kopechne.

Ted KennedyChappaquiddick Island, MassachusettsMary Jo Kopechne

Nadia Comăneci becomes the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Nadia ComăneciOlympic GamesGymnastics1976 Summer Olympics

The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.

Great Fire of Rome