Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.

Republic of PisaRepublic of FlorenceBattle of Cascina

Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.

Thomas CromwellHenry VIII of EnglandTreasonCatherine Howard

La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.

EncomiendaLaguna (province)Philippines

In the Eighty Years' War the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.

Eighty Years' WarSiege of Schenkenschans

Battle of Warsaw begins.

Battle of Warsaw (1656)

Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.

Province of Cantabriaes:Puente San Miguel (Reocín)

French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.

French RevolutionMaximilien RobespierreLouis Antoine de Saint-JustGuillotineParis

Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.

Mahmud IISultan of the Ottoman EmpireCaliph of Islam

Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.

Peninsular WarBattle of TalaveraArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of WellingtonJoseph Bonaparte

José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.

José de San MartínPeru

USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy, is commissioned.

USS Constellation (1854)

American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.

American Civil WarBattle of Ezra ChurchConfederate States of AmericaUnion (American Civil War)Atlanta

At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).

Vinnie ReamAbraham Lincoln

The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States ConstitutionUnited States ConstitutionAfrican AmericanDue process

The city of Miami, Florida is incorporated.

Miami

In the culmination of the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, igniting World War I.

July CrisisAustria-HungarySerbiaWorld War I

The United States begins a 19-year occupation of Haiti.

United States occupation of Haiti

The Silent Parade took place in New York City, in protest to murders, lynchings, and other violence directed towards African Americans.

Silent ParadeNew York CityAfrican Americans

U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.

Herbert HooverBonus Army

First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Hawaii Clipper disappears between Guam and Manila as the first loss of an airliner in trans-Pacific China Clipper service.

Hawaii ClipperGuamManilaChina Clipper

The Sutton Hoo helmet is discovered.

Sutton Hoo helmet

World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227. In response to alarming German advances, all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishment ranging from duty in a shtrafbat battalion, imprisonment in a Gulag, or execution.

World War IIJoseph StalinOrder No. 227Nazi GermanyShtrafbat

World War II: Operation Gomorrah: The Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.

Bombing of Hamburg in World War IIHamburgFirestorm

A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.

North American B-25 MitchellB-25 Empire State Building crashEmpire State Building

Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kills 992.

Isahaya, NagasakiKyushu