Pope Honorius II is elected.

Pope Honorius II

Conrad III of Germany besieged Weinsberg.

Conrad III of GermanySiege of Weinsberg

The city of Ryazan is sacked by the Mongol army of Batu Khan.

RyazanMongolsBatu Khan

The Battle of Linuesa is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the forces of the Emirate of Granada and the combined army of the Kingdom of Castile and of Jaén resulting in a Castilian victory.

Battle of LinuesaReconquistaEmirate of GranadaKingdom of CastileKingdom of Jaén

Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile.

Battle of CuralabaMapucheCaciquePelantaroSpanish Empire

Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Plymouth ColonyWilliam Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)MayflowerPilgrim FathersPlymouth Rock

American settlers in Nacogdoches, Mexican Texas, declare their independence, starting the Fredonian Rebellion.

Nacogdoches, TexasMexican TexasFredonian Rebellion

Egyptian-Ottoman War: Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya.

Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831-33)EgyptOttoman EmpireBattle of Konya

The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers commences business at its cooperative in Rochdale, England, starting the Cooperative movement.

Rochdale Society of Equitable PioneersCooperativeRochdaleHistory of the cooperative movement

Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.

Medal of HonorPresident of the United StatesAbraham Lincoln

Challenger expedition: HMS Challenger, commanded by Captain George Nares, sails from Portsmouth, England.

Challenger expeditionHMS Challenger (1858)George NaresPortsmouth

World premiere of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Henrik IbsenA Doll's HouseRoyal Danish TheatreCopenhagen

The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment, the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed.

The Royal Canadian DragoonsThe Royal Canadian RegimentCanadian Army

The Chilean Army commits a massacre of at least 2,000 striking saltpeter miners in Iquique, Chile.

Chilean ArmySanta María School massacreSodium nitrateIquiqueChile

An underground explosion at the Hulton Bank Colliery No. 3 Pit in Over Hulton, Westhoughton, England, kills 344 miners.

Pretoria Pit disasterHulton Colliery CompanyOver HultonWesthoughton

Arthur Wynne's "word-cross", the first crossword puzzle, is published in the New York World.

Arthur WynneCrosswordNew York World

American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to Russia.

AnarchismEmma Goldman

United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship, called the Nepal-Britain Treaty of 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sugauli signed in 1816.

NepalNepal-Britain Treaty of 1923Treaty of Sugauli

First flight of the Junkers Ju 88 multi-role combat aircraft.

Junkers Ju 88

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first full-length animated feature, premieres at the Carthay Circle Theatre.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)AnimationCarthay Circle Theatre

World War II: A formal treaty of alliance between Thailand and Japan is signed in the presence of the Emerald Buddha in Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand.

World War IIThailandEmerald BuddhaWat Phra Kaew

An 8.1 Mw earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Nankaidō, Japan, kills over 1,300 people and destroys over 38,000 homes.

Moment magnitude scale1946 Nankai earthquakeTsunamiNankaidō

"Bloody Christmas" begins in Cyprus, ultimately resulting in the displacement of 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots and destruction of more than 100 villages.

Bloody Christmas (1963)Turkish Cypriots

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is adopted.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

Louis Washkansky, the first man to undergo a heart transplant, dies in Cape Town, South Africa, having lived for 18 days after the transplant.

Louis WashkanskyHeart transplantationCape Town

Apollo program: Apollo 8 is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, placing its crew on a lunar trajectory for the first visit to another celestial body by humans.

Apollo programApollo 8Kennedy Space CenterMoon

First flight of F-14 multi-role combat aircraft.

Grumman F-14 Tomcat

The Geneva Conference on the Arab-Israeli conflict opens.

Geneva Conference (1973)Arab-Israeli conflict

Lancaster House Agreement: An independence agreement for Rhodesia is signed in London by Lord Peter Carrington, Sir Ian Gilmour, Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo, Bishop Abel Muzorewa and S.C. Mundawarara.

Lancaster House AgreementRhodesiaPeter Carington, 6th Baron CarringtonIan Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of CraigmillarRobert Mugabe

The Roman Senate declares Vespasian emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors.

Roman SenateVespasianRoman emperorYear of the Four Emperors