The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.

Sixth CrusadeFrederick II, Holy Roman EmperorTruceAl-KamilJerusalem

The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov in the Battle of Rakvere.

Livonian OrderDaumantas of PskovPskovBattle of Wesenberg (1268)

Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.

Amda Seyon IEmperor of EthiopiaMuslim

George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London.

George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of ClarenceTreasonEdward IV of EnglandExecution (legal)Tower of London

Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.

Eighty Years' WarCornwallSpanish EmpireBattle off Lizard PointKingdom of England

The city of Surakarta, Central Java is founded on the banks of Bengawan Solo River, and becomes the capital of the Sunanate of Surakarta Hadiningrat.

SurakartaCentral JavaSolo RiverSunanate of Surakarta

A mutiny by captive Malagasy begins at sea on the slave ship Meermin, leading to the ship's destruction on Cape Agulhas in present-day South Africa and the recapture of the instigators.

Malagasy peopleMeermin slave mutinyCape Agulhas

Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana).

Fourth Anglo-Dutch WarShirley's Gold Coast expeditionDutch Gold CoastGold Coast (British colony)Ghana

Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state.

Admission to the UnionVermont

French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad.

French Revolutionary WarsRalph AbercrombyKingdom of Great BritainInvasion of Trinidad (1797)Trinidad

Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau.

Napoleonic WarsBattle of Montereau

In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America.

Montgomery, AlabamaJefferson DavisConfederate States of America

With Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy.

Italian unificationVictor Emmanuel II of ItalyPiedmontSavoySardinia

American Civil War: Union forces under Major General William T. Sherman set the South Carolina State House on fire during the burning of Columbia.

American Civil WarUnion ArmyMajor GeneralWilliam T. ShermanSouth Carolina State House

Bulgarian revolutionary leader Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities.

BulgariaVasil LevskiHangingSofiaOttoman Empire

John Tunstall is murdered by outlaw Jesse Evans, sparking the Lincoln County War in Lincoln County, New Mexico.

John TunstallOutlawJesse EvansLincoln County WarLincoln County, New Mexico

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is published in the United States.

Adventures of Huckleberry FinnMark Twain

Second Boer War: Imperial forces suffer their worst single-day loss of life on Bloody Sunday, the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg.

Second Boer WarBloody Sunday (1900)Battle of Paardeberg

Édouard de Laveleye forms the Belgian Olympic Committee in Brussels.

Édouard de LaveleyeBelgian Olympic CommitteeBrussels

The first official flight with airmail takes place from Allahabad, United Provinces, British India (now India), when Henri Pequet, a 23-year-old pilot, delivers 6,500 letters to Naini, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away.

AirmailAllahabadUnited Provinces of Agra and OudhBritish IndiaHenri Pequet

While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto.

JanuaryClyde TombaughPluto

Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft and also the first cow to be milked in an aircraft.

Elm Farm OllieCattleFixed-wing aircraft

The Empire of Japan declares a puppet state of Manzhouguo (the obsolete Chinese name for Manchuria) independent from the Republic of China and installed former Chinese Emperor Aisin Gioro Puyi as Chief Executive of the State.

Empire of JapanManzhouguoManchuriaRepublic of China (1912-49)Emperor of China

Second Sino-Japanese War: During the Nanking Massacre the Nanking Safety Zone International Committee is renamed "Nanking International Rescue Committee" and the safety zone in place for refugees falls apart.

Second Sino-Japanese WarNanking MassacreNanjing

World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore.

World War IIImperial Japanese ArmySook ChingChinese in Singapore

World War II: The Nazis arrest the members of the White Rose movement.

NazismWhite Rose

World War II: Joseph Goebbels delivers his Sportpalast speech.

Joseph GoebbelsSportpalast speech

Sailors of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in Bombay harbour, from where the action spreads throughout the Provinces of British India, involving 78 ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors

Royal Indian Navy mutinyMumbaiPresidencies and provinces of British India

First Indochina War: The French gain complete control of Hanoi after forcing the Viet Minh to withdraw to mountains.

First Indochina WarBattle of HanoiHanoiViet Minh

The first Church of Scientology is established in Los Angeles.

Church of ScientologyLos Angeles