The Roman Emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor.

Roman EmperorAugustusPontifex Maximus

The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Farewell SermonMuhammad

Execution of the 42 Martyrs of Amorium at Samarra.

42 Martyrs of AmoriumSamarra

Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete.

ByzantineChandaxNikephoros II PhokasEmirate of Crete

The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus.

Siege of Château GaillardJohn, King of EnglandNormandyPhilip II of France

Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.

Thirteen Years' War (1454-66)Prussian ConfederationCasimir IV of PolandIndependenceTeutonic Knights

Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam.

Ferdinand MagellanGuam

The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

Royal SocietyHenry OldenburgPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement.

First FleetNorfolk IslandConvict settlement

The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.

Missouri CompromiseJames MonroeMissouriUnion (American Civil War)Slave state

York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.

York, Upper CanadaToronto

Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo - After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured.

Texas RevolutionBattle of the AlamoSiegeDavy CrockettJim Bowie

The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case.

Supreme Court of the United StatesDred Scott v. Sandford

Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.

Dmitri MendeleevPeriodic table

The Serbian kingdom is re-founded.

Kingdom of Serbia

Bayer registers "Aspirin" as a trademark.

BayerAspirinTrademark

Real Madrid C.F. is founded.

Real Madrid C.F.

Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.

Italo-Turkish WarAirshipJanzur

Portuguese Communist Party is founded as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International.

Portuguese Communist PartyComintern

International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern

International Unemployment Day

Norman Rockwell published Freedom from Want in The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series.

Norman RockwellFreedom from Want (painting)The Saturday Evening PostCarlos BulosanFour Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)

World War II: Cologne is captured by American troops.

World War IICologne

World War II: Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war, begins.

World War IIOperation Spring Awakening

Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.

Ho Chi MinhHo-Sainteny agreementVietnamFrench IndochinaFrench Union

The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Georgy MalenkovJoseph StalinPremier of the Soviet UnionGeneral secretaryCommunist Party of the Soviet Union

Ghana becomes the first Sub-Saharan country to gain independence from the British.

GhanaSub-Saharan Africa

Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad officially gives boxing champion Cassius Clay the name Muhammad Ali.

Nation of IslamElijah MuhammadBoxingCassius ClayMuhammad Ali

Constantine II becomes King of Greece.

Constantine II of Greece

Premier Tom Playford of South Australia loses power after 27 years in office.

Thomas Playford IVSouth Australia